Multiphoton Polymerization (MPP/2PP)
Direct Laser Writing for Micro/Nano 3D Printing
Overview
Multiphoton Polymerization (MPP), also known as Two-Photon Polymerization (2PP), enables the fabrication of true 3D structures with feature sizes down to 150 nm. This additive process polymerizes photoresins only at the laser focus, allowing assembly-free complex geometries.
Physical Principle
Polymerization occurs through simultaneous two-photon absorption at the focal point, where light intensity exceeds the nonlinear threshold (~1 TW/cm²). Outside this voxel, single-photon absorption is negligible, preventing unwanted curing. The fabricated volume is built point-by-point using ultra-precise nanopositioning stages.
Recommended CP-Series Models for This Process
Technical Capabilities
Compatible Materials
Acrylate-based photoresins
High-speed processing, biocompatible variants available
Epoxy resins
Excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance
Hybrid materials (e.g., Ormocer)
Glass-like optical properties, thermal stability
Protein-based bioinks
Cell culture scaffolds, tissue engineering
Applications
Micro-optics
- •Freeform microlenses
- •Fresnel lenses
- •Diffractive optical elements
- •Photonic crystals
Biomedical Engineering
- •Tissue scaffolds (gyroid lattices)
- •Cell traps and arrays
- •Microneedle arrays
- •Neural interfaces
Micromechanics & Microrobotics
- •Micro-gears and actuators
- •Self-propelling microswimmers
- •Micro-grippers
Metamaterials
- •Negative refractive index structures
- •Acoustic metamaterials
- •Chiral optical metamaterials
Technology Comparison
| Parameter | MPP (Femtosecond) | Stereolithography (SLA) | FDM 3D Printing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resolution | 150 nm - 1 μm | 25-100 μm | 100-300 μm |
| True 3D (overhangs) | Yes, no supports | Limited (requires supports) | No (requires supports) |
| Materials | Photopolymers | UV-curable resins | Thermoplastics |
| Minimum Feature Size | < 200 nm | ~25 μm | ~100 μm |
| Best Applications | Micro/nano devices | Prototypes, dental | Macro parts |
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Ready to Implement This Process?
Contact us to discuss rental options (from €5000/month), outright purchase, or to connect with our partner network for job shop processing and process development services (paid).